Hollow fiber membranes stand out as a versatile and effective technology for water treatment applications. These ultra-fine fibers offer a large interfacial region for filtration, facilitating the separation of various contaminants from water supplies . The unique arrangement of hollow fiber membran

Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors offer a versatile platform for cellular processes. Their design consists of an array of hollow fibers, functioning as separation layers. Fine-tuning the arrangement and material properties of these fibers is essential for achieving desired process performance. Key

This study investigates the performance of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) membranes within a membrane bioreactor (MBR) system. The goal was to assess the long-term reliability and efficiency of PVDF membranes under varying operational conditions. A series of tests were conducted to analyze the influ